HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

PHILOSOPHY

• is a thinking which aim at a maximum connected to the truth about all available experiences.
• a science of theory of knowledge.
• formulated ideas base from science.

Science and Philosophy differs in:

1. scope
2. approach
3. nature

Function:

1. to carefully examine and criticize the premises and conclusion of all sciences.
2. to synthesized findings
3. to harmonized and bring this in other sciences together.

Two Major Categories of Philosophy

Theoretical Philosophy- directs itself to knowing things without thinking of its application.

• metaphysis
• ontology
• cosmology
• theodicy
• psychology
• epistemology

Practical Philosophy- directs its concern to things which are useful

• semantics
• logic
• ethics
• axiology
• aesthetics

PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

-from the greek word 'analusis' means to breakdown

-it is the process of breakingdown topic to gain better understanding

Three main Ways Of Forming Analysis

• explication- taking part by part
• redefinition- simplifying term
• illustration- taking its opposite view

KNOWLEDGE

-it is an expertise and skills acqiured by a person through experience or education

Four matters of facts:

1. something exist
2. can be known
3. something w/c matter
4. something including the foregoing statement

other sources of knowledge

• customs and tradition
• sense perception
• intuition

PERCEPTION

-the process of attaining awarenes or understanding of sensory information

THOUGHT

-act of thinking, which one thinks, opinions or reflection

CONCEPT

-really habits of expectation, serves as a representation of an object.

LANGUAGE

-an abstract system of word meaning and symbol of all aspect of culure. It includes speech written character, numerals, and symbols, gesturs etc.

Ingredients of situation

• object
• sign
• interpreter

CLASSIFICATION

-distinction, identification, and organization of two or more items or object.

Plato's theory of Universals

1. universalia in re- universals in the thing
2. universalia ante rem- universalia before the things
3. universalia post rem- universalia after the things

Four different types of similarity

• genetic similarity
• structural similarity
• functional similarity
• apparent similarity

DEFINITION

-the statement of the essental properties of a certain thing.

Kinds:

1. lexical
2. extentional
3. intentional
4. contextual
5. stipulative
6. ostenive
7. precising
8. operational

AXIOM AND THEOREM

-axiom or postulae is a proposition that is not proved

-theorem is a statement w/c has been proven

-axiomatic system is a set of system

Characteristics of Axiomatic system

• independent
• complete
• consistent

SCIENCE IN GREEK & ROMAN CIVILIZATION

A. Greek Civilization

- emerged around 1100 BC. Early Greeks have been fully developed basic elements of mathematics, astronomy, physics, geography & medicine.

B. Person who give contribution on the development of Science.

1. Thales - matter was composed of convertible into water.
2. Hippocrates - father of Medicine.
3. Aristotle - classifications of plants and animals.
4. Phythagoras - phythagorean theorem.
5. Archimedes - principles of lever & pulley.
6. Ptolemy - geocentric theory.

C. Roman Civilization

- time of Julius Ceasar, it is said that roman are poorscience but contributed a lot is the field of infrastructure.

D. Romans that gives contributions in the field of Science.

1. Pliny the Elder - only roman scientist that is educated and celebrated.
2. Galen - wrote 180 books of medicine.
3. Cleopatra - Roman queen who uses cosmetics.