PERCEPTION

-the process of attaining awarenes or understanding of sensory information

THOUGHT

-act of thinking, which one thinks, opinions or reflection

CONCEPT

-really habits of expectation, serves as a representation of an object.

KNOWLEDGE

-it is an expertise and skills acqiured by a person through experience or education

Four matters of facts:

1. something exist
2. can be known
3. something w/c matter
4. something including the foregoing statement

other sources of knowledge

• customs and tradition
• sense perception
• intuition

PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

-from the greek word 'analusis' means to breakdown

-it is the process of breakingdown topic to gain better understanding

Three main Ways Of Forming Analysis

• explication- taking part by part
• redefinition- simplifying term
• illustration- taking its opposite view

What is Pascal's Triangle?

In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. It is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal in much of the Western world, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in Greece, India, Persia, China, and Italy.^[1]

The rows of Pascal's triangle are conventionally enumerated starting with row 0, and the numbers in each row are usually staggered relative to the numbers in the adjacent rows. A simple construction of the triangle proceeds in the following manner. On row 0, write only the number 1. Then, to construct the elements of following rows, add the number directly above and to the left with the number directly above and to the right to find the new value. If either the number to the right or left is not present, substitute a zero in its place. For example, the first number in the first row is 0 + 1 = 1, whereas the numbers 1 and 3 in the third row are added to produce the number 4 in the fourth row.

This construction is related to the binomial coefficients by Pascal's rule, which states that if

then

for any nonnegative integer n and any integer k between 0 and n.

Pascal's triangle has higher dimensional generalizations.

Is Astrology considered as a Science?

Astrology, a system based on the belief that the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies affect human affairs.

Does this word, ASTROLOGY, maybe considered as a science? After I heard that word, I first thought that this is considered as a science but after some researches I found out that ASTROLOGY is a pseudo science from the prefix PSEUDO meaning false.

Astrology only pretends to be a science. Over many centuries, some researchers used to research such just to prove that astrology is science but still they failed to prove it.

Let me site an example for us to understand it further. Do you think it may comfort us to believe that the manager of the company I applied for, rejected me because of the motion of the stars, the moon, and the planets along the zodiac rather than to admit that I behaved badly during our interview.

It only proves us that that our life does not depend on what the motion of the sun, the moon, the planets and the other heavenly bodies but our life depends on us. We are the manipulators of our own life.

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

PHILOSOPHY

• is a thinking which aim at a maximum connected to the truth about all available experiences.
• a science of theory of knowledge.
• formulated ideas base from science.

Science and Philosophy differs in:

1. scope
2. approach
3. nature

Function:

1. to carefully examine and criticize the premises and conclusion of all sciences.
2. to synthesized findings
3. to harmonized and bring this in other sciences together.

Two Major Categories of Philosophy

Theoretical Philosophy- directs itself to knowing things without thinking of its application.

• metaphysis
• ontology
• cosmology
• theodicy
• psychology
• epistemology

Practical Philosophy- directs its concern to things which are useful

• semantics
• logic
• ethics
• axiology
• aesthetics

PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

-from the greek word 'analusis' means to breakdown

-it is the process of breakingdown topic to gain better understanding

Three main Ways Of Forming Analysis

• explication- taking part by part
• redefinition- simplifying term
• illustration- taking its opposite view

KNOWLEDGE

-it is an expertise and skills acqiured by a person through experience or education

Four matters of facts:

1. something exist
2. can be known
3. something w/c matter
4. something including the foregoing statement

other sources of knowledge

• customs and tradition
• sense perception
• intuition

PERCEPTION

-the process of attaining awarenes or understanding of sensory information

THOUGHT

-act of thinking, which one thinks, opinions or reflection

CONCEPT

-really habits of expectation, serves as a representation of an object.

LANGUAGE

-an abstract system of word meaning and symbol of all aspect of culure. It includes speech written character, numerals, and symbols, gesturs etc.

Ingredients of situation

• object
• sign
• interpreter

CLASSIFICATION

-distinction, identification, and organization of two or more items or object.

Plato's theory of Universals

1. universalia in re- universals in the thing
2. universalia ante rem- universalia before the things
3. universalia post rem- universalia after the things

Four different types of similarity

• genetic similarity
• structural similarity
• functional similarity
• apparent similarity

DEFINITION

-the statement of the essental properties of a certain thing.

Kinds:

1. lexical
2. extentional
3. intentional
4. contextual
5. stipulative
6. ostenive
7. precising
8. operational

AXIOM AND THEOREM

-axiom or postulae is a proposition that is not proved

-theorem is a statement w/c has been proven

-axiomatic system is a set of system

Characteristics of Axiomatic system

• independent
• complete
• consistent

SCIENCE IN GREEK & ROMAN CIVILIZATION

A. Greek Civilization

- emerged around 1100 BC. Early Greeks have been fully developed basic elements of mathematics, astronomy, physics, geography & medicine.

B. Person who give contribution on the development of Science.

1. Thales - matter was composed of convertible into water.
2. Hippocrates - father of Medicine.
3. Aristotle - classifications of plants and animals.
4. Phythagoras - phythagorean theorem.
5. Archimedes - principles of lever & pulley.
6. Ptolemy - geocentric theory.

C. Roman Civilization

- time of Julius Ceasar, it is said that roman are poorscience but contributed a lot is the field of infrastructure.

D. Romans that gives contributions in the field of Science.

1. Pliny the Elder - only roman scientist that is educated and celebrated.
2. Galen - wrote 180 books of medicine.
3. Cleopatra - Roman queen who uses cosmetics.

Why Studying Science is Important?

It is very important for us Science Majors because by studying this subject matter, we will know the basis or the foundation of science that we have at this present time. We will also know how this subject developed from simple experiments into complex processes. And if we have enough knowledge regarding Science we are prepared for the questions of our future students.