RENAISSANCE (MS. ISRAILA)

RENAISSANCE

· Is the period of “rebirth” as age of preparation for the 17^th century of scientific developments and achievements that began in about 1400 in Italy and spread rapidly over most of Europe.

· New approaches to science were introduced. Scientist began to observed carefully, to measure and experiment in studying natural phenomena.

· 16^th century-Start of studying science by observation and experimentation.

· 17^th century-The movement became a complete scientific revolution.

*ESTABLISHMENT OF ACADEMIES

The Academia Dei Lincei in Rome (1603-1630)

The Academia Del Cimiento in Florence (1657-1667)

The Royal Society in London (1662)

The Academie Des Sciences in Paris (1666)

*BOOKS OF JOURNAL

Journal Des Savants of Paris (1665)

Acta Eruditorum of Leipzig (1682)

*GREAT TREATISES

Principia mathematica of Sir Isaac Newton (1687)

Traite De La Lumiere of Christian Huygens (1690)

*REMARKABLE SCIENTIST DURING RENAISSANCE

Johann Gutenberg (1450)-The invention of printing press

German Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa (1401-64)-The Latin Exponent of the value of experiment, whose recorded careful experiment on a growing plant, providing that it absorbs something from the air, is the first formal biological experiment and the first experimental proof that air has weight.

NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1453-1543) - Developed heliocentric theory using Scientific method.

LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)- He considered as the greatest artist of his time and was it’s the greatest scientific exponent

ANDRES VESALIUS (1514- 1564) - He wrote one of the first accurate books on human anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica. Founder of modern human anatomy.

*THE NEW STATUS OF THE GREEK SCIENCE

Ø The renaissance saw the revival of platonic thoughts

Ø 1550 an accumulation of biological works based on Aristotle tended to confirm him as “THE MASTER OF THOSE THAT KNOW” in that particular Field.

Ø SIMON STEVINUS-Introduced the decimal fraction

Ø GALILEO GALILEI (1564-16420)-an astronomer who made telescope

Ø JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)-Theorized about the movement of the Planets.

Ø RENE DESCARTES-The inventor of the graph who believed in god’s Existence.

Ø PARACELSUS-Alchemist and Physician of the renaissance. Added a third elements “salt” to make a trinity of alchemical elements.

Ø FRANCIS BACON-Improvised the scientific method w/c was based on trial and error.

Ø SIR ISAAC NEWTON-Discovered the gravity.

*NATURE OF EUROPEAN SCIENCE

Ø Owes its past successes and its special character to its sharing, in its Metaphysics and method.

Ø The basics features of European society where aggressive cooperation for a common good.

*SCIENCE DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Ø An industrial revolution began that transformed Europe from Agrarian to urban society towards the end of the 18^th century.

Medical advancements in the 20th/21st Century

• 1900’s
  • First electrocardiograph machine

• 1920’s
  • First modern respirator

• 1930’s
  • Artificial pacemaker invented
  • Kouwenhoven cardiovascular research

• 1940’s
  • First kidney dialysis machine
  • Plastic contact lens created

• 1950’s
  • First artificial hip replacement
  • Artificial heart valve developed
  • First cardiac pacemaker
  • First successful open-heart bypass surgery
  • First human kidney transplant

• 1960’s
  • First totally internal pacemaker
  • Laser treatments made available for optic purposes
  • ICU was administered
  • Nuclear machine

• 1970’s
  • Soft contact lens
  • Physical therapy
  • CT scan introduced
  • First cochlear implant surgery

• 1980’s
  • MRI scanners
  • First permanent artificial heart implant
  • Deep-brain electrical stimulation system
  • First laser surgery on human cornea

• 1990’s
  • Human Genome Project
  • Radiosurgery created
  • Brachytherapy Remote Afterloader used to dissolve tumors inside-out
  • Stereotactic Needle Biopsy System to diagnose breast cancer

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

The Renaissance era encompasses Western music history from 1400 to the begining of the 1600’s. This period in time marked the rebirth of humanism, and the revival of cultural achievements for their own sake in all forms of art, including music. The word "Renaissance" in itself is defined as a "rebirth"or a "reconstruction".

During this time, artists and musicians produced works that displayed more artistic freedom and individualism. This creativity allowed artists to abandon the stricter ways of the Medieval Era. Their art forms rediscovered the ancient Greek ideals. The great masters of the Renaissance were revered in their own lifetimes (rather than after their deaths), which was different from most of their Medieval predecessors. With the new printing techniques, music and musical ideas were able to be preserved and distributed to the people.

The distinctive musical sounds of the Renaissance era were comprised of a smooth, imitative, polyphonic polyphonic style, as seen in the music of Byrd, Palestrina, and Lassus. While sacred music sacred music remained of great importance, secular music secular music was starting to become increasingly common. Therefore, the polyphonic style was not only used in sacred music, but also in secular madrigals madrigals.

The repertoire of instrumental music also began to grow considerably. New instruments were invented, including two keyboard instruments called the clavichord and virginal. In addition, many existing instruments were enhanced. The lute became the favored instrument of the time period, and it was established as the standard instrument for family music making during the 16th century.

Masses Masses and motets motets were the primary forms for sacred vocal polyphony. These were accompanied by the lute or a small instrumental ensemble or consort. Secular vocal forms included motets, madrigals and songs, while instrumental pieces were usually short polyphonic works or music for dancing.

Renaissance polyphony was harmonious when compared with the Medieval style. Imitation was a method that composers used to make elaborate music more coherent and to give the listener a sense of arrangement. Imitation, where one melodic line shares, or "imitates," the same musical theme as a previous melodic line became an important polyphonic technique. Imitative polyphony can be easily heard in the music of Byrd, Gibbons, and Gabrieli. Additionally, the masses and motets of composers such as Josquin also displayed the imitative polyphonic style. Imitative polyphony was so important that it continued into the Baroque period, especially in sacred music for the church.

Where does the naming Milky Way for our Galaxy come from? Do you know who introduced this wording and why?

The name Milky Way refers to the milky patch of sky which rings the Earth. You may have seen it if you live outside of a big city, it looks almost like very tenuous clouds to the naked eye. It was named in prehistory before anyone really knew what it was, so just called the "Milky Way" for its appearance. It wasn't until Gallileo looked at an area of it with his telescope in the 1600s that it was realised that the Milky Way was made up of thousands of individual stars, and it was even later that it was realised that what we are looking at is an edge on view of our own galaxy, one of billions in the universe.

An interesting fact related to this is that the word galaxy actually comes from the Greek word, galactos for milk! The Latin version of Milky Way is Via Lactea, with "Via" meaning "Way" or "Road" and "Lactea" meaning "Milk".

The outer Milky Way's exotic origin

A collision between another galaxy and our own 5 billion years ago may have spawned the stars in the outer Milky Way, say astronomers at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The collision triggered the birth of stars with unique elemental abundances.

David Yong, Bruce Carney, and Maria Luísa Teixera de Almeida discovered the unusual chemical signature when they observed four open star clusters. The star clusters — Berkeley 20 and NGC 2141 in Orion, Berkeley 29 in Gemini, and Berkeley 31 in Monoceros — all reside in the Milky Way's outer disk, 38,000 to 73,000 light-years from the galactic center. The Sun lies in the disk, too, but only 27,000 light-years from the center.

Astronomers have long known the abundance of iron varies from place to place in the Milky Way. In particular, within the disk, the farther a star is from the galactic center, the lower its iron abundance tends to be.

However, Yong and his colleagues found that beyond about 40,000 light-years from the galaxy's center, the disk's iron abundance stops dropping. Instead, the clusters' iron content hits a "basement" at about 30 percent of the Sun's and then holds steady at greater distances.

The astronomers also find the three outermost star clusters have high levels of oxygen and magnesium relative to iron. Oxygen and magnesium originate in short-lived, high-mass stars such as Rigel and Antares, which eject these elements into the galaxy when they explode as supernovae.

The three outermost clusters are about as old as the Sun. This age, together with their iron, oxygen, and magnesium abundances, makes them unique: No known stellar population in the Milky Way has all these properties, and neither do the dwarf galaxies that revolve around it. Thus, Yong and his colleagues suggest the star clusters may owe their existence to an intruder galaxy — one that merged with the Milky Way billions of years ago.

They imagine this intruder skirted the Milky Way's disk in the same direction it spins. As the two galaxies gradually merged, the intruder spilled its stars and gas into the outer Milky Way. Both by stirring up the gas in the outer disk and by smashing its own gas into the Milky Way's, the intruder stimulated a burst of star formation in our galaxy's disk that created at least three of the clusters the astronomers observed.

This gas was slightly poor in iron, explaining the moderately low iron content of the clusters. As short-lived massive stars exploded, they distributed oxygen and magnesium but little iron, which explains why the clusters the astronomers observed show high oxygen-to-iron and magnesium-to-iron ratios.

Unlike oxygen and magnesium, iron comes mostly from white dwarfs, which take much longer to form and explode only under special circumstances. But because star formation occurred in a burst, triggered by the intruder galaxy, it didn't last long — it was over before white dwarfs could add iron to the gas that was creating the new stars.

"I think it's a very important contribution to the field," says Eileen Friel of the National Science Foundation and an expert on old open star clusters. "Whether the clusters were formed during the merger event or whether they were part of the galaxy that might have merged with the Milky Way is still an open question. But using chemical tagging to sort through very complex stellar populations offers enormous potential, and it's really neat to see it being used in the outer disk, in areas that we haven't been able to probe yet."

If a galactic collision did produce the Milky Way's outer disk, it likely happened about 5 billion years ago — shortly before the Sun and Earth were born. That's because the three outermost star clusters Yong's team studied are 4.3 to 5.3 billion years old.

The new work dovetails with recent findings about the fringes of the Milky Way and Andromeda. In 2003, other astronomers discovered a small galaxy in Canis Major that's colliding with the Milky Way's outer disk. And just last week, astronomers reported an enormous disk of stars on the outskirts of the Andromeda Galaxy. The newfound disk likely represents the wreckage of smaller galaxies.

WHAT ARE QUASARS?

The arrow points to a quasar at redshift 6.2 discovered by SDSS

As you can see, the third spectrum differs greatly from the first two. It is the spectrum of a quasar.

Quasars are so far away that most look like single bright points in the sky - just like normal stars. This is why Photo usually classifies them as stars. To tell the difference between a very distant quasar and a relatively close star, you need to look at other things beside its image, such its colors or its spectrum.

The word "quasar" originally stood for "quasi-stellar radio source." Although quasars were originally discovered due to their radio emissions, only about 10% of quasars have substantial radio emissions. These quasars are now called radio loud quasars. Quasars without strong radio emissions are called radio quiet quasars. Researchers are still trying to determine what makes a quasar radio loud or radio quiet.

All quasars have a substantial redshifts in their spectra. As you learned in the Hubble Diagram project, objects that move away from us have their light shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. The familiar spectral lines seen in most stars and galaxies are frequently redshifted too far into the infrared for us to see. Spectral lines that were too far in the ultraviolet for us to detect in nearby objects move into the visible portion of the spectrum of a quasar.

PHILOSOPHY

• is a thinking which aim at a maximum connected to the truth about all available experiences.
• a science of theory of knowledge.
• formulated ideas base from science.

Science and Philosophy differs in:

1. scope
2. approach
3. nature

Function:

1. to carefully examine and criticize the premises and conclusion of all sciences.
2. to synthesized findings
3. to harmonized and bring this in other sciences together.

Two Major Categories of Philosophy

Theoretical Philosophy- directs itself to knowing things without thinking of its application.

• metaphysis
• ontology
• cosmology
• theodicy
• psychology
• epistemology

Practical Philosophy- directs its concern to things which are useful

• semantics
• logic
• ethics
• axiology
• aesthetics